The Second Synod of Ephesus (449) - Acts, Perry 1881

” It seems mere chance that WY is also in Syriac {joae, as also that

tias egit, laudavit, confessus est. Confitendi notionem ibi habet, verbo frequentissimam, cum «> construitur, e. g. , Matth. , x, 32, to which add Matth. , vii, 23, and Apoc. , ili, 5. See p. 368 on the word (Ips). Here we have an instance of Castell’s correctness. From this verb, too,

MOY, ~ hesays,istissa8c Das templum Confessorum, very similar to which is }>%:2 Lup which occurs more than once, in another form, in our MS. (A). In lL 21, Jon Se@aaal\So, in the Greek, was no doubt cateoo- gitero. In Judith, chap. v, ver. 11, “ dealt subtilly with them.” It is constantly used for codiGouae in a dad sense. The difficult word Zaas1> is, perhaps, equivalent to the Greek ceurérys, gravily, respect ability. V

heathen cities, we were unwilling to scandalize them (by the fact) that a Priest had fallen into such crimes, he, on the pretext of our procrastination, drew up in writing the Resignation® of his Bishopric and presented it to his Metropolitan, as we have learnt from the letters of that Metropolitan him- self, Ibas. And, after the discussion of the whole case had been gone into, it eventuated in its being remitted to your Holy and QC&cumenical Synod. For your judgment, then, which is final (in appeal),

In p. 104, 1. 1, the verb |aZ is to delay, to put off, and b>) oLorerlwsc the putting off time, delay. Also, \]Xal is to decline, refuse, withdraw from, and so to resign, and

pntporoAirys, but, as he identifies it with Ibas, the meaning is certain. In p. 104, 1. 7, and second word, the » must be taken otiose, I think,

“ discussed, it resulted in their being sent to this Holy and Ccumenical « Synod,” but, if not, we would render it thus: “Whilst all this was “ passing, the papers relative to this Holy and CEcumenical Synod were “ despatched to us.” Since — Is TeAetwoas and PROSE cig TéAoS, in faSc.. may distinctly be implied the fact that the Coun- cil was the final Court of Appeal, as in short it would have been, had it not so perverted Justice that common justice required it to be superseded by another (Ecumenical Synod and Court, which took place at Chalcedon in 451 a.D., although S. Leo the Great wanted it to be in Italy. Still, the word may mean réAecoe or teAetov= pevor, the perfect, because they were consummate Christians, who had a right to partake of the Holy Eucharist, to réAecor, that sacred Mystery that unites to Christ and gives us the most consum- mate perfection we are capable of in this world, as says Bingham. Per- haps the whole passage may best be rendered thus :—“ They accused him ‘to his face, and pressed him so hard, that he confessed himself almost ‘ beaten in argument, although he had conducted his defence with clever- “ ness. We contemplated at once deposing him, but we deferred it on account of (the nearness of) the Sacred Lent Fast; because, being

IN THE DAYS OF DIOSCORUS. has the settlement of this affair been reserved.

We contemplated at once deposing him, but we deferred it on account of (the nearness of) the Sacred Lent Fast; because, being

IN THE DAYS OF DIOSCORUS. has the settlement of this affair been reserved.

(a) Urantus, Bishop of Himeria, said :— —(Liban{ius], Deacon of Samosata, being inter- preter for him)—I say the same as the God-fearing Bishop Eustathius has deposed. For, he (Daniel) was accused of disgraceful immorality, and was convicted in our presence.

Relying with confidence on the excellent name (fame) of the Holy Bishops Photius, and Eustathius, and Uranius, I (decree) determine the very same as they do about him (Daniel), who as Judges heard the case.t

Daniel, having been charged with these vices by the Venerable and God-loving Clergy of the Church of Charre, and having been convicted to

‘in Pagan Cities, we wished to avoid scandalizing the heathens by show- “ing them that a Bishop could misconduct himself to that extent. Then “he (Daniel), availing himself of the delay, framed in writing the Re- “ sionation of his Bishopric, and presented it to his Metropolitan, as we “learn from the letters of the latter, bas. While all this was going on, “the Documents, relating to this Holy C®cumenical Synod, were sent “tous. It is thus left to you, who are perfect, to terminate this affair.” If the Greek were épuyvetovtos A:Barov, then, before the verdicts or sentences were given, Libanius read explanations, or a full report of the proceedings, of the trial of Daniel, then {.a};-Scl, “I say. <¢ for, he has been accused,’’ &c.; but there seems no evidence of the latter doing so, and Libanius must be considered as merely the interpreter of Uranius’s Syriac into Greek, though the word, mma2], meaning re- dargutus est, might seem to give countenance to the idea suggested above.

ae alaso.gso is governed by easdaals0, and not by Qe dnSO el,

his face, it appears to me that he ought to be re- moved from the Throne of the Priesthood. For, it is impossible that such a man should (be allowed to)

(Libanius, Deacon of Samosata, being interpre- ter)—said, that it was iniquitous, as well as contrary to (all) propriety and rectitude, that the Priesthood should be disgraced by a man who, to his face, has been (convicted) proved guilty of shameful immoral- ity of conduct (dissolute habits), and therefore I vote (decree) that Daniel be removed from the Priest- hood.

Also, since a considerable amount of gold, belong- ing to the two Churches of Edessa and Harran, is in his (Daniel’s) possession, I think it only right and just that he should restore that gold—restore to each of those Churches severally (that which belongs to it).

It is a subject worthy of tears,t for a Priest to be accused of dissolute habits, far more than that of his

then it should be, “as they who heard (as Judges) the proceedings re- “ specting him.”

It is a subject worthy of tears,t for a Priest to be accused of dissolute habits, far more than that of his

then it should be, “as they who heard (as Judges) the proceedings re- “ specting him. ”

That is, “in the open Court.” The term “the Throne of the Priesthood” is an instance of the right to the Priests of the Church of having a Throne, though a second one, as well as the first Order of its Ministry. See Bingham, Book II, chap. xix, who explains the mean- ing of the terms 0 ék rot devrépov Opdvov, and “ corona presbyterii,” and TO Tw TpeTBuTépwy cvvéedpLov.

Deposition—(for a Priest) for one, the (special) property of whose Office it is, by his Purity of body and his Orthodoxy of Faith, to draw down the Holy Ghost, through the Consecration of the Pure Oblations, with which he has been entrusted for the benefit of mankind. Daniel, therefore, by reason of his having been convicted to his face of such crimes, should be removed from the Priesthood by a sentence (judicial) of your Holiness. For, the Holy Ghost left him because of his evil life, even before the tongue of the High Priests (or the Bishops pronounced his sen- tence), since the Holy Ghost flies from fraud and never dwells in a body that loves sin.

To the verdict given by the God-fearing Bishops, Photius, and Eustathius, and Uranius respecting Daniel, I, likewise, for my part, give assent.

The man, who has occupied the Priesthood and, by worldly impurity, gets so contaminated as to bring contumely on the (Pure) Mysteries, affords proof against himself that he is unworthy of the Episco- pate. For that reason let Daniel, having proved himself to be such, as also the Depositions of the God-fearing Photius, Kustathius, and Uranius make

deserving grief. The verb ola, in active voice, governs |aaO¢ as its subject, indicated by the S,

What those persons who were ear-witnesses of the case about Ibas have adjudged, that I, also, in con- junction with them, pronounce to be my decision.

Assuredly the Venerable God-loving Bishops Photius, and Eustathius, and Uranius, who have pronounced sentence on Daniel, are pious men, To that sentence of condemnation pronounced by them, I, also, for my part, give assent. Let Daniel, then, be removed from the Priesthood : for, it is not seemly that he should serve the Holy Altar, who is addicted to disgraceful habits.

Seeing that Daniel, after having been charged with odious practices and tried before the God- fearing Bishops Photius, and Eustathius, and Ura- nius and convicted, has been sentenced to Deposition by those same Pious Bishops, as they have shown as well by Document as now they have also by their speeches, I am, too, entirely of the same opinion with your Holiness respecting him.

In p. 106, 1]. 18, |aitas is the predicate, and ;m>2] in |. 24 may be translated disgraced, or made contemptible by dissolute habits, immoralities,

(j) Diocenss, Bishop of Cyzicus, said :— Accepting the truth of those who have tried

In p. 106, 1]. 18, |aitas is the predicate, and ;m>2] in |. 24 may be translated disgraced, or made contemptible by dissolute habits, immoralities,

(j) Diocenss, Bishop of Cyzicus, said :— Accepting the truth of those who have tried

(k) Jouy, Bishop of Sebastia in the First Armenia, said :— I,on my part, assenting to what has been deposed to by the God-fearing Bishops Photius, and Eustathius, and Uranius respecting the Condemnation of Daniel,

do also vote that this man be deprived of (re- moved from) the Priesthood.

If, according to the Sentence of the God-loving Bishops Photius, and Eustathius, and Uranius, Daniel, Bishop of Charrz, “took the members of “ Christ and made them members of an Harlot,”t he has whetted against himself “the sword{ of the “Spirit :” and it is right and just that he should be ° driven away, the Shepherd from his Flock, because he is the scab of the sheep.

(m) Fuorextius, Bishop (of Sardis) in Lydda (Lydia), said :— To all, which those Pious Bishops have done who have already adjudicated upon the affair of Daniel, in everything it is right and just for us to assent,

the truth of, must be the sense. iaes t Cor, vi, 15: Ephesians, chap. vi, verse 17.

since verily he has already brought ignominy upon himself by his turning aside into that wicked folly. Let Daniel, therefore, be stripped of the Honour of the Priesthood, forasmuch as he avowed himself, in the presence of the Judges, to have been destitute of (all) gravity of conduct.

I, also, assent to the Deposition of Daniel, since once already have the Pious Bishops Photius, and Kustathius, and Uranius justly condemned him.

‘IIn accordance with the sentence of the Judges, let punishment, prescribed by the Canons and the (Definitions) Decisions of the Holy Fathers, be exe- cuted upon Daniel who has been condemned by them, inasmuch as he has made himself liable to such a sentence.

2 Un. yor WrOs, a (Zeass| Lede is properly a begging off; hence a declining, turning away— Sc Jrom a thing— > into a thing. Perhaps it might be correct to translate—“ by his own abdication (brought about) “by the atrocity of his offence,” but not so naturally. Dro Wek Smith informed me some years since, that he knew of one example 123 4

q Or, better :—“ Let the punishment, prescribed by the Canons, over- “take Daniel in conformity with the sentence of the Judges, which they ““ have inflicted upon him, because he has fallen under the blow of the “prosecution of the Law and the Definitions of the Holy Fathers ;” or, ‘let punishment, according to the Canons and the Definitions of the “ Holy Fathers, be pronounced upon Daniel, who has been condemned “by them, since he has fallen under—i.e., has made himself liable to— “such a sentence.” The {ScoumZ ae belongs to the |aQ20 Ne most probably.

If the Judges themselves have accused Daniel, what (more) can we do in the matter (but agree with them)? I, for my part. pronounced it to be right that he should be removed from the Priesthood.

e. , has made himself liable to— “such a sentence. ” The {ScoumZ ae belongs to the |aQ20 Ne most probably. If the Judges themselves have accused Daniel, what (more) can we do in the matter (but agree with them)? I, for my part. pronounced it to be right that he should be removed from the Priesthood.

In accordance with the Depositions of the God- loving Bishops Photius, Hustathius, and Uranius respecting Daniel, I, for my part, likewise assent to the Deposition (pronounced) upon the aforesaid Daniel.

FOr Loos, Luke, see 2 Tim., iv, 11. In l. 24 ySc]Z]2 om is the above-mentioned (Daniel).

Trenzeus was at first a Count of the Empire. In an unofficial capacity he attended the Great Gicumenical Synod of Ephesus in 431 a.D., accompanying Nestorius as a friend thither, with ten Bishops of the Church; whilst Count Candidian, Captain of the Imperial Guards, went expressly in an official one, ser- ving the interests of the Emperor Theodosius II. Irenzus sympathized with the Easterns and John, Bishop of Antioch, and naturally upheld the cause of the friends of Nestorius, against whom, however, the Emperor after some hesitation declared himself, and banished Irenzeus from Court. Now His- torians say—it is an error—that Theodoret, ‘‘ out of deference to ‘the Bishops of Phoenicia” and “because he knew his zeal, “his magnanimity, his love for the poor, and other virtues,” consecrated him Bishop of Tyre. But in 448 a.p. a Law was made expelling from their Churches all Nestorians, if Bishops or Clerks, &c., mentioning Irenzus by name, and ordering him nct to leave his country, but to remain there in quiet, without either the name or the dress of a Bishop. In this retreat Irenzeus wrote a history of the Nestorian contro- versy under the title, ‘ Trageedia, seu commentarii de rebus in Synodo Ephesia ac in Oriente gestis.” The Greek Text of this work is lost; but there remain extensive fragments of an old Latin version, published by Charles Lupus under the very inexact Title of “ Variorum Patrum Epistole ad Concilium Ephesium pertinentes,” Louvain, 1682. (From Nouvelle Bio- graphie Generale, Tom. 25, Didot fréres, Paris, 1858.) Baluze, in his “ Nova Collectio Conciliorum,” says the edition of Lupus is very incorrect, and proceeds to give us another, which he would have made more accurate, if the Monks who owned one of the two MSS. had allowed him to use it (fol. 668-940). He says it was written after the time of Justinian, was called Synodicon,” and against the books which Lrenaeus, the up- holder of Nestorius, called ‘ Tragzedia,” i.e., perhaps, “ Pre- “phetia instantis Constitutionis,’ as Anastasius says of a similar work in Hist. Eccles., p. 51, after Theophanes,” &. This “ Synodicon adversus Trageediam Irenzi,” comprises 225

had allowed him to use it (fol. 668-940). He says it was written after the time of Justinian, was called Synodicon,” and against the books which Lrenaeus, the up- holder of Nestorius, called ‘ Tragzedia,” i. e. , perhaps, “ Pre- “phetia instantis Constitutionis,’ as Anastasius says of a similar work in Hist. Eccles. , p. 51, after Theophanes,” &. This “ Synodicon adversus Trageediam Irenzi,” comprises 225

chapters, including numerous documents and extracts of im- portance to the student of Nestorian controversies. Among these are sundry letters from Theodoret of Cyrus, John of Antioch, &., and some things by Irenzus himself. This Synodicon, with the editorial prefaces, notes, &., occupies 275 columns of the folio of Baluze. From the same volume the following deserve special notice in reference to Irenaus and his character: A letter from the Ephesian Council (431 a.p ) to the emperors says: “ Nos autem detenti rescribere vestra potentize “latitudinem horum que passi sumus a magnificentissimo Comite Irenzeo, breviter non potuimus intimare, qui omnem “sanctam Synodum conturbavit, et terrorem imposuit sanctis- “‘simis episcopis per quosdam extraneasque concursiones, ut “etiam plurimi nostrorum circa ipsam periculum paterentur “ vitam” (fol. 496). This is in Mansi also.

The “ Synodicon” has a letter by Nestorius, in which the latter says to John of Antioch— Ha enim que ad nos nuper “‘scripsistis, et ad magnificentissimum Christi amatorem “ Trenzum filium nostrum,” &c. (fol. 688). The epistle, alluded to, really contains only a message to Nestorius, or, rather, the notice of one, forwarded, it would seem, through I[renzeus (fol. 445). An epistle from Memnon of Hphesus to the Constanti- nople Clergy, confirms what the Council reports as to the violent measures of Irenzeus (fol. 524). Irengzus was banished with Photius to Petra, the decree for which appears in the Syuodicon, and some indication of the mode of executing it (foll. 884, 885). The culprits were to be deprived of all their dignities and possessions, and exiled to Petra, ‘‘ut paupertate “‘perpetua eb locorum solitudiue crucientur.” The directions for carrying out the decree are very curious :—Que sintque de Trenzo et Photio sunt sancita a divino et iminortali vertices prefulgens divinarum litteraruim tenor ostendit, Magnificentia igitur tua his que sunt decreta diviiitus absque mora obediens, ad loca que jussi sunt duci cum competenti solatio praparet veredos duos cum duobus parippis Oresti et Stephano, qui singuluritec directi sunt ad peragenda que divinitus decreta suut, queeque nosiris praceptionibus continentur, coadjuvanti- bus evs ex Sytia tam regionum judicibus quam provinciarum quarunque ordinibus, insuper et defensoribus et reliquo solatio vel auxilio, et decurionibus vel curialibus.

Baluze, N. C., fol. 1516, has this:—Irenzous comes, apertus Nestorii ac Theodoreti amicus, ab isto ordinatus episcopus. Bigamus autem dicitur, quia post secundas nuptias factus fuerat episcopus Tyriorum, contra canones, ut docet Theodosii constitutio adversus eum lata, que extat in tomo tertio concili- orum, pag. 1216. (From notes on the “Concilium Quintum,” sub an. 553.) Much of the above from H. Cowper.

Baluze, N. C. , fol. 1516, has this:—Irenzous comes, apertus Nestorii ac Theodoreti amicus, ab isto ordinatus episcopus. Bigamus autem dicitur, quia post secundas nuptias factus fuerat episcopus Tyriorum, contra canones, ut docet Theodosii constitutio adversus eum lata, que extat in tomo tertio concili- orum, pag. 1216. (From notes on the “Concilium Quintum,” sub an. 553. ) Much of the above from H. Cowper.

Now, it is a most important and remarkable feature charac- terizing our great MS., designated A, that it not only enables us to add an entirely new page to our long-received Histories, but it obliges us to make corrections of what have been regarded as historical facts recorded in their old pages. Here is acase in point. Fleury and others say that Theodoret consecrated Irengzeus to the Bishopric of Tyre, but when we come to handle the cause of Theodoret, in this MS., we shall find tbat there is strong evidence, amounting to moral certainty, that the then Archbishop of Antioch, Domnus, consecrated and in- stituted Count Trenzus to the Bishopric of the Metropolitical City of Tyre. So we shall discover, also, from the same quarter, are to be attributed to this same Archbishop Domnus, and not to Theodoret of Cyrus, or to Flavian, the Archbishop of Con- stantinople, those memorable words, respecting the Apostle Peter, that have for centuries resounded in Western Christen- dom, viz., 0s Kat Tov paxapiod Mapxov didaoKkadros ’nv, Kal Tov Xopov Tav ardcToAWY TPaTOS Kal Kopipatos.

We lodge an information with your Blessed and (Ecumenical Synod against Irenzeus that he isindeeda firm maintainer of the impious Doctrine of Nestorius and a well-known aider and abettor of his, so far even as (to merit) to receive the punishment of exile. Therefore it is that he has had to sojourn, and does now sojourn, at any place which suited the pleasure of our Victorious and Christ-loving Emperors (to assign to him). Further, when he became Bishop of Tyre—how, 1 know not—it appeared still more evident at Tyret that he is a follower of the false Doctrine of Nestorius. For, true is the Divine Scripture that declared—“ If the Indian can change “his skin and the leopard his spots, then will you

The word {Do} a, is, doubtless, in the Greek édpa:wua, which word is used by S. Paul in 1 Tim., iti, 15, where he calls the Church “the Pillar and Ground of The Truth,”-—jirmamentum, basis—foundation (of a wall), pedestal (of a column). It is a compound of {Ze}, the

stat. emph. of Ba: as TW is from a rad. TW =U, and, in accordance

with the peculiar genius of the Syriac, may be rendered a firm maintainer or supporter. Nestorius was the basement, and lreneus the pedestal, of Nestorianism, to use a pardonable metaphor.

aun! pe Log, I 12, leaz> should, probably, have been written 50,5 in the original MS., as the former is never, and the latter always, else - where used for Tyre. It seems an impossible word. At line 16, too, (AS, feminine plural, seems preferable to |Amg (fem. sing.) in MS. and corresponds with lec.

Nestorius was the basement, and lreneus the pedestal, of Nestorianism, to use a pardonable metaphor. aun! pe Log, I 12, leaz> should, probably, have been written 50,5 in the original MS. , as the former is never, and the latter always, else - where used for Tyre. It seems an impossible word. At line 16, too, (AS, feminine plural, seems preferable to |Amg (fem. sing. ) in MS. and corresponds with lec.

“be able to do good by having learnt (to do) evil.” Moreover, the aforesaid is a man who had two wives and, in his other conduct, wasimpure. Fr, in this way it is well to express oneself before so (Reve- rend) an Assembly as this, as well as before other simi- lar ones. But, being such a character (without going

into particulars)—clad, moreover, in Lamb’s cloth- ing, he proved himself a tyrannous Wolft to the people of Tyre —and, to omit} the intervening circum- stances, inasmuch as he had received Consecration uncanonically, he was deposed in a just and righ- teous manner.|| Thus it was that the God-loving Photius was consecrated to the Bishopric of Tyre,

The quotation is from Jeremiah, xii, 23, where, in Dr. Lee’s Syr.

q “The man of whom we were making mention was married twice” (which is contrary to the canons), “ and in the rest of his mode of life ‘is impure: for, so it is right to speak before this assembly and such « (an assembly).” He means, it is right to generalize, and not go into the particulars of the immorality of the individual man.

i In». 109, lu 23, soamael, eSSo is literally: “And, that I “may omit the medias res, inasmuch as he had received Consecration (the lea yas is the Imposition of the hand in Consecration) uncanoni- “cally, he went out (i.e., he was expelled) in a just and righteous way : “and thus Photius received the (imposition of the) hand for the “ Bishopric of Tyre.” At 2 Tim., i, 6, we have this imposition of hands of the Apostle in the words dua THs embécews Tov XELpGv pov, and with the accompaniment of the Presbyters’ hands at 1 Tim., iv, 14, in the words pera émbécews Tar Yelpov TOU TpEeaBuTEpiov.

Holiness. This, therefore, is what we urge (viz.) ; that, in accordance with justice and propriety, a Synodical and Legal Sentence should be pronounced upon him (Irenzeus), lest the bitter root bring the plantt+ to prove injurious, and many, by its means, be contaminated.

2 (a) Dioscorvus, Bishop of Alexandria, said :— This Holy and God-loving Synod has heard from the Deposition{ of the God-fearing Presbyter and Prime Notary, John, what is in conformity to propriety and Law and in accordance with Ecclesi- astical Canons. Let then that, too, be added|| (to what has already been done), which is the duty of this Holy Synod with respect to the Deposition of Irenzeus—a man who is a Bigamist and a Blas- phemer, and who has omitted no kind§ of Impiety

At p. 110, 1. 5, the word ean should be qe, No doubt the Scribe made a mistake. The word {Dacxo is equivalent to apémov implying fitness, propriety rather than duty.

per. sing. fut. of las, or, perhaps, Aphel. “Lest the plant prove to “be a bitter root and noxious, and many, by its means, are defiled.” Or, Ne amara radix sarculos progeminet nocivos, quibus multi comtami- nentur: “lest the bitter root bring the plant to prove injurious,” &c. The word {4gas, commonly occurring in the Psalms and elsewhere, means

Mansho, Deposition or removal, occur within a few lines and in this

one short speech, Atl. 14 of text, Oram M2 Sse is an expression that im- plies the formal sentence of the Synod, which he required to be added to the Expulsion, by the Emperor, of Irenzus for his Nestorianism. § This, of course, means that Ireneus had committed all possible Xx

against Christ—the man whom I first (of you all) adjunge removed from all the Honour of the Priest- hood and Communion with the Laity.

We, likewise, join in the Sentence of the Holy and God-loving Archbishop Dioscorus of the Church of Alexandria the Capital.

It is sufficient for Irenzeus’s expulsion from the Episcopate that he is infected with the Doctrine of Nestorius. But, because there is added the fact that he was found to be a Bigamist, also, which is a viola- tion of the Canons, I think it right that he should be deprived of the Priesthood and of Communion with Christians.

From the very first I have been opposed to Iren- cous being a Bishop, because, in a manner contrary to all (ecclesiastical) Law and Order, he had been clothed in the habiliments of the Priesthood. Seeing, then, it is fitting and proper, as the Venerable Pres- byter and Proto-Notary John has required, that he (Irenzeus) should be deposed by a common Sentence of this Assembly, let Irenzeus, aforementioned, be

kinds of Impiety against Christ, (the word ]}} means species, kind) of which the speaker gives a short recapitulation.

Alexandria the Capital is, perhaps, the more correct way of ren dering this oft-repeated expression than Alexandria the Great.

condemned by our Humbleness also, and be not allowed to hold any Communion with the Laity.

Let Irenzeus, who took two wives and has been accused of holding the tenet of Nestorius, be de- prived of the Honour of the Priesthood.

What has been affirmed by the God-loving Pres- byter and Prime-Notary John makes manifest that Irenzeus’s sentiments belong to the Impiety of Ne- storius. Irenzeus ought, therefore, to be ejected from the Honour of the Priesthood, because, as it were, by him the sublimity of the Mystery of Chris- tians has been lowered in subservience’ to the Ne- storian opinions.

Let Irenzus, who, in a two-fold capacity, has attained communion (fellowship) and has been proved to be an adherent of the Doctrine of Nesto- rius, be deprived of the Episcopal Dignity.

(h) Evstatutus, Bishop of Betrytus, said :— It is through the wickedness of the rebellious

Let Irenzus, who, in a two-fold capacity, has attained communion (fellowship) and has been proved to be an adherent of the Doctrine of Nesto- rius, be deprived of the Episcopal Dignity. (h) Evstatutus, Bishop of Betrytus, said :— It is through the wickedness of the rebellious

Or, “by means of Nestorian opinion.” The sublimest mystery of Christians is the Doctrine of The Incarnation.

This may be taken, perhaps, in a two-fold sense, or translated, “elevated or advanced to the (position of receiving the) two-fold com- “ munion of bread and wine,” as my friend Martin would have it.

q Or, “'The wickedness of the rebellious Demon occasioned to the race of the sons of men that they be deemed worthy of the Advent of

Demon that mankind have been judged worthy of the Advent (of the Son) of God. That Demon in- tended to harm us, and it is entirely contrary to his intention that he has made us to be thought worthy of the Mercy of God. (In the same way) do evil and impious men furnish, at the present time, the Holy Churches of God with the means of finding shelter from Calumny ; indeed, when these men have once become completely eradicated, the trees of God bear (abundant) fruit. Trenzeus, therefore, be- ing one of the Defenders of the Impious Doctrine of Nestorius, has been justly sentenced to the punish- ment of Deposition by your Blessedness, and should also be deprived of Communion in the Pure Mys- teries, as having been indeed the cause of all kinds of misfortunes next after Nestorius.

1, certainly, from the first have never been desirous that Ireneus should become a Bishop, for fear the wolf should get to live among the lambs ; and, with great forbearance! of spirit, did I continue harshly to conduct myseif towards those who were assenting parties to it. For, his work of Impiety is well known,

God. For, when he willed to work evil to us, it was contrary to his will that he caused us men to be deemed worthy of the mercy of God: and now the will of man has brought calamity and impieties upon the Holy Churches of God that they may be proved to be blameless. For, at a time when these evils should have been extirpated from their very roots, at this same time the trees of God should yield fruit.”

q Perhaps it may be better rendered thus— And I used to complain of the great forbearance of those who allowed themselves to be persua- ded into it.”

as well as the trouble he gave himself on behalf of his fellow-thinker, Nestorius, so that, in consequence of such Impiety as his, either he should not have become (Bishop) in the first instance, or he ought to have remained such, as most explicitly do the Canons of the Fathers determine. Therefore, let him who loves Nestorius be with Nestorius.

”

as well as the trouble he gave himself on behalf of his fellow-thinker, Nestorius, so that, in consequence of such Impiety as his, either he should not have become (Bishop) in the first instance, or he ought to have remained such, as most explicitly do the Canons of the Fathers determine. Therefore, let him who loves Nestorius be with Nestorius.

“These things we say—from the impious all of “us turn our faces—from Heretics we all turn our “faces. Great is the choice of the Emperors. “ What was done by Ireneus, in his capacity of “ Bishop, must be repudiated—every act of Irenzus “the Heretic must be repudiated. Just is the Sen- “tence of the Synod. Just is the Sentence of the “Gracious Emperors. What has been done by the “wicked must be repudiated. Who, then, will put “up his hand for a Bigamist and a Blasphemer ?”

Aquilinus, or Acilinus, was consecrated to the Suffragan Bishopric of Byblus by the Metropolitan Bishop of Tyre, Trenzeus.

He is called Celenius of Bibulus, as Irenasus is called Renius and Sophronius Sphirion, in Addl. MS. in Brit. Museum, num- bered 14,643, in connection with the Second Synod of Ephe- sus. He was one of the degraded Bishops, and his See appears to have been occupied by Marinianus. There were fifteen Bishops whom the Schismatics from the first and Gicumenical Synod of Ephesus, in 431 a.p., reckoned as having lost their Sees, because they refused their assent to the peace and recon- ciliation} between S. Cyril of Alexandria and the Archbishop John of Antioch, as the happy result of the negotiations com- menced by Bishop Paul of Emesa who was the representative of that Archbishop, in conjunction with Aristolaus representing the Emperor and the Court at Constantinople. Although Aqni- linus was ejected from his Bishopric, yet he was afterwards restored to it on his communicating with John of Antioch, notwithstanding his refusal 10 give his assent and approval to the Deposition of the great Heretic Nestorius.

The “ Synodicon,” before alluded to and written against the “Tyageedia” of Irenzeus of Tyre, refers once and again to Acili- It was on the happy occasion of this peace and reconciliation being accomplished that 8. Cyril penned one of his three grand Epistles which have become an Ccumenical heritage of Chris- tians and “binding on the whole Church,” the first paragraph of which is thus translated by P. E. Pusey, M.A.:—‘ Let the heavens ‘rejoice and the earth be glad, for, the mid-wall of partition is un- «done, and that which vexed been stopped and the canse of all our «dissension been taken away, Christ the Saviour of us all dispen- “sing peace to his Churches, the most pious and devoted Kings “calling us thereto, whose most excellent emulations of ancestral “piety, guard the right Faith both sure and unshaken in their “own souls, and take very special pains for the Holy Churches, “that they may have glory renowned for ever and render their «kingdoms most famous: to whom the Lord of Hosts Himself “imparts good things with wealthy Hands and gives to overcome “their adversaries, grants them the victory. For He would not lie «Who says, I live, saith the Lord, for them that honour Me I will “honour.” This letter is referred to above, in Ibas’s Letter to Maris, at p. 118, and also in the cause of Theodoret further on,

Baluze thinks he is the same as Aquilinus of Byblus, who is mentioned by Evagrius, Book I, 10.

In Dr. Neale’s Hist. of the Holy Eastern Church, Vol. I, chap. vii, Notitia of the Ancient and Modern Sees of the Dio- coese of Antioch; under Pheenicia Prima, Berytus is put 3rd, and Byblus 4th, after Tyre, Metropolis, with this note on the former place—“ Theodosius junior made this a Metropolis, as- “ <jgning to 1b Byblus, Botris, Tripolis, Orthosias, Arce, Anta- “radus, Agathias, i, 51. But this arrangement was shortly “ afscerwards disallowed in a Couucil at Constantinople.” Inthe same chapter, at page 134, Barbalissus is put the 10th after Hierapolis, Metropolis: under Euphratensis.

It will, probably, be found impossible to upkold the view which identifies Barballissus with Byblus, as both sites are known and far asunder. ‘“ Rufinus episcopus civitatis Bybli,” also, appears in the Chalcedon lists. There was a wonderful amount of making and unmaking Bishops in those days, and transactions were too numerous. The Roman Emperors made themselves ordinarily, to all intents and purposes, except in matters relating to The Faith, practical heads of the Church in the Hastern Empire, and they were not unfrequently too demented or prejudiced to rule the Church with discretion and judgment.

As regards Aquilinus, Ireneus, who has been deposed (expelled), made him Bishop of Byblus. While this man was more impious and a greater heretic than Nestorius, and much more passionate (violent) than Irenus, full of contempt for the Altar, and the Church, and the Communion of Priests, he (yet) carried his crime so far as to prefer to them the friendship of his companion in Heresy. Though often summoned to appear before me and the Pious Archbishop Domnus, he absconded (hid himself), so that the Pious Archbishop Domnus gave me licence, by a written document, to consecrate an- other Bishop in his place. Butit has happened that this Consecration has been deferred only in conse- quence of our having been convoked to this Great,

Aquilinus, formerly Bishop of Byblus, has, as has been declared by the God-fearing Photius his Me- tropolitan, deprived? himself of the Honour of the Priesthood, by refusing to observe the established order of things, and by having chosen to attach him- self to his fellow-Heretic Ireneus.

Let him, then, share in the lot of one, of whom it is said—‘ (As) he delighted not in blessing, so let “it be far from him.”

Let him, therefore, have what he has desired, i.e., let him be removed from the Episcopate.

Be it also known that, if anyone of the other Bishops under the Jurisdiction of Phcenicia,—I mean of those who are Suffragans to the God-loving Bishop Pho- tius,—should be found to be a Heretic and should be infected with the false Doctrine of Nestorius, such an one shall be expelled by his Metropolitan and the Synod acting along with him. For, it is the Metropolitan’s office to be alive to the dangers which threaten him, and to watch over (superintend) the execution of the commands, issued by this Holy and (icumenical Synod. Now, we request him (Pho- tius) to declare, with his own voice, that he will do this, and that he will notify each particular case indi- vidually to the Exalted Thrones.t+

TI will use all diligence so as not to permit that any Bishop or Cleric, infected with the (impieties) of Nestorius, remain in the districts of Phcenicia; and especially (do I expect) that the Holy Synod of my Province will second me in this, to the Glory of

Psalm, cix, verse 17. In Prayer Book Version it is, at 16th verse, —‘“he loved not blessing, therefore shall it be far from him.” That is to say, to the Emperor Theodosius and his Government. The Provincial Synod, being a “perfect council ” because of the presence and action of the Metropolitan President, could accomplish this.

In Prayer Book Version it is, at 16th verse, —‘“he loved not blessing, therefore shall it be far from him. ” That is to say, to the Emperor Theodosius and his Government. The Provincial Synod, being a “perfect council ” because of the presence and action of the Metropolitan President, could accomplish this.

The blessed Apostle has said—“ If an unbeliever “depart, let him depart.”|| Because, then, when he was summoned two or three times, according as the God-fearing Bishop Photius has informed us, Aqui- | linus refused to go to his own Church, he has de- posed (ejected) himself from the Honour of the Priesthood. For, also, in another place, the same Apostle has said—‘“ A Heretic, after the first and “second admonition, reject, knowing that he who is “such is subverted and sinneth, being condemned of “ himself.”§

This Aquilinus, formerly Bishop of the City of Byblus, has brought the punishment of Deposition upon himself, because he forsook that Holy Church entrusted to him, and preferred to It the friendship of the Impious Ireneus, who ordained him Bishop. He, therefore, should, likewise, according to my

1 Cor., vii, 15. S. Paul’s words are—Ei de 0 amotos ywpilera, xwpilécbw where he is arguing the question of a Christian man or woman married to a heathen, and the desertion of one from the other. Juvenal argues that, although a Christian may not put away or desert his wife when an unbeliever, yet, if she desert her husband, the guilt of de- sertion sets him free. So Aquilinus, having deserted Christ’s Spouse the Holy Church (at Byblus), to which he had been wedded in spiritual bonds, releases her and frees her to contract another bond.

judgment, be put under the same sentence of con- demnation as [reneus.

Aquilinus, who is infected with the same impiety as Irenus, since he forsook the Holy Church of the Orthodox and attached himself to the aforesaid Ireneus, as we have learnt from the speech of the God-loving Photius, has degraded himself from the Dignity of the Episcopate.

Aquilinus should be removed from the Episco- pate: for, it is my opinion that, when he fled from (abandoned) the Priesthood, he deprived himself of (its) Function and Honour.

He, who has withdrawn himself from the Com- munion of Christ, especially from being disposed to Impious Doctrine, deserves to be removed from the Honour of his Grade, particularly since he has brought such a punishment upon himself. It is for this reason that Aquilinus, also, who has put his Church into a widowed state (by deserting it), should be removed from the Church which he has purified, though unintentionally, by (really) withdrawing

If the word be meant for |Zaa, plural of ]Aas, it will be conservi, socit ; compeers, colleagues, then the rendering will be “before “ being prosecuted by his colleagues.’’ But this hardly seems feasible,

himself from it. Inasmuch as he clothed himself with blasphemies, it is only just and right that he should be deprived of his Priestly Office, another taking his place, who will be able to govern the people, entrusted to him, on the principles of the Orthodox Faith, and in all Virtues acceptable to God. (h) Puotius, Bishop of Tyre, said :-—

’’ But this hardly seems feasible,

himself from it. Inasmuch as he clothed himself with blasphemies, it is only just and right that he should be deprived of his Priestly Office, another taking his place, who will be able to govern the people, entrusted to him, on the principles of the Orthodox Faith, and in all Virtues acceptable to God. (h) Puotius, Bishop of Tyre, said :-—

Inasmuch as Aquilinus has separated himself from the Function of the Priesthood, it is with justice, also, that he be deposed by this Blessed and Cicu- menical Synod, I, also, for this reason, give my assent to the Holy Synod in the sentence passed on him, and I, too, adjudge him deprived of the Honour of the Episcopate.

“Every living creature loves that which is like “itself,” says the Divine Scripture. Because, therefore, Aquilinus, who was formerly the Bishop of Byblus, has adhered to the blasphemous Doctrine of Irenzeus, it is only just and right for him to be inflicted with a punishment of the same character (as that which Ireneus received).

The Hoty Synop said :— “We all of us say the same—we all depose « Aquilinus.”

Sophronius, undoubtedly, the Bishop of Constantia, or Con- stantina, is mentioned as Bishop of Tella or Thella, as well, in the following words, by the Author of “The Chronicle of Edessa,” recorded by Asseman, in Tom. 1, p. 202, as by these Acts of the Second Ephesine Synod in the next few pages.

The name cf Sophronius of Canstantine appears in the Chal- cedonian lists thus :—‘‘ Sophronius, Episcopus civitatis Con- “stantine, subscripsi Lwpporos Kovotartivos.” (Binius, Vol. Il, p. 278.) | He was made by the Fathers of the Council of Chaleedon, as we find from the 8th Session—a session chiefly devoted to the cause of Theodoret—to anathematize, along with two other Bishops, the Arch-Heretic Nestorius.

Eusebius, in his life of Constantine (Book II, chap. xlv), speaks of two Laws being promulgated, of which one was in- tended to restrain the idolatrous abominations prevalent, and the other related to the erection of Oratories and Churches on a grander scale. The first provided that no one should erect images, or practice Divination and other false and foolish arts, &c. The allegations, directed against Sophronius, refer to the last-named practices.

DOCUMENTS DRAWN UP AGAINST SOPHRONIUS, BISHOP OF THE CITY OF TELLA (CONSTANTINA).

Simeon, TPresbyter, and Cyrus and ustathius, Deacons of Tella, present Libels (of Indictment) to your Holiness, which I hold in my hand and will read, if your Great and Blessed Synod will com-

Juvenat, Bishop of Jerusalem, said :— Let them be read and be deposited along with

To the Holy, God-loving, and CGécumenical Synod which, by the Grace of God, is assembled at Ephesus the Metropolis, from Simeon, Presby- ter, and Cyrus and Eustathius, Deacons, and the rest of the Clergy of the City of Tella.

cept those who honour God and to reject those who blaspheme Him, pray that the Libel (of indictment), which we bear, may be accepted, and that the same may be read before your Holy and C!cumenical Synod.

cept those who honour God and to reject those who blaspheme Him, pray that the Libel (of indictment), which we bear, may be accepted, and that the same may be read before your Holy and C! cumenical Synod.

loved of God; and whereas4 it is befitting and pro- per for him to continue by night and by day in prayer, with the view to obtain pardon not only for his own personal sins but also for those of the lay people—none of these things has he thought of doing; but, on the contrary, he has been parti- cipating in (been partner with) ‘the table of Devils,” (Demons’ Tables) : (he has taken part) in the numerical computations (of Astrology), and in the motion of the Stars and in (their) variation, and

{ Or, “and he ought to have persevered night and day in prayer.”

q Or it may, perhaps, be translated as follows :—<“‘ Sophronius, we “ say, instead of this, has done quite the reverse, as (for instance, serve ) “at the table of Devils, devoted himself to forbidden Calculations (cy- “ phering), to Astrology, to the errors of Sorcery and Pagan Divina- “ tions. He has not been satisfied (with being infected) with the “false Doctrine of Nestorius which he has learnt from his relative Ibas , “ he has thrown himself, moreover, into all these horrible things.”

S. Paul, in 1 Cor., x, seems to have been in the minds of the com- plainants against Bishop Sophronius (for the words are the same as his) and the allegation against him to have been that he violated what is implied in y. 20, from which verse we conclude, with Bishop Wordsworth, that “‘ Worship offered to any but the One True God is accounted by God “to be offered to Devils who do exist, although it be offered by man to “ idols (e.g., Jupiter, Venus, Bacchus, &c.) which do not exist.”

in Divination, and in the vaticinative Art of the Pagans. Not being satisfied with the miserable Doctrine of Nestorius which he learnt from his relative Ibas, he has in addition thrown himself into all these miserable occupations. We, therefore, pray of your Piety to deign to listen to the few words we wish to say, in all humility, relative to the con- duct of Sophronius.

Once upon a time as he was travelling, he hap- pened to lose a considerable amount of gold; and when his suspicion rested on certain persons and he had made them take an oath upon the Evangelists (in the matter),—not satisfied with this—he, fur- ther, testing them by the ordealt of bread and cheese like the heathen, compelled them to eat. And, when

See at page 43 of Cureton’s “ Ancient Syriac Documents,” where Shabil (a High Priest the son of High Priests) calls himself ‘an “obscure dead man, for whose death there is no hope of resurrection ; “< for I have been slain by paganism and am become a dead corpse of the “evil one,”’ which is an English translation of the Syriac words— Tyromantia, per caseum, cujus meminit Hesychius, nisi legendum pyromantia. (Fabricius, cap. xii, p. 142, Bibliographica Antiquaria. ) To the kinds of Divination given by Fabricius and Martinius, we must add phialo-mantia, as discovered. and discerned by the Syriac term in our MS,

he still did not find (the money), he prepared himself (and used) a divining Cup, affirming that “the money

« Divining cup.” Such cups are first mentioned in Gen., xliv (the Cyatho or xvAccko warteca was adopted by many nations of antiquity) where, says Rev. J. M. Rodwell, in Transactions of the Biblical Ar- chzological Soc., Vol. II, Part 1, WIT, cognate with wT, means /0

utter a low, whispering, hissing sound, hence to practice enchantment by muttering magical formule, hence to augur and divine. It is thus twice used in Gen., xlv and Gen., xxx, 27, which should be rendered “ I have “consulted divination and the Lord hath helped me for thy sake.” He continues, “ It was by a cup, or v2), that Joseph was in the habit of

“ divining: and it is remarkable that the Septuagint Translators should « have rendered the Hebrew yray. or cup, by Kovdv, which Athanzus “ (Deip., i, 55) explains by motypiy aciatixoy and Hesychius by ToT ypL01 Faniavotien , &c.” After the remarks on Mr. Rodwell’s Patera Paper—a circular Terra-Cotta vase discovered at Hillah near Babylon, well represented in the opposite page with the characters— comes a note by S. M. Drach, the first part of which I here subjoin. The C’biah yy (not Q)5), for Joseph’s divination (yrq3) cup, he says, is sup- posed, by Hebrew authorities, to have been (comp. YQ) and dome- shaped hills) of longish shape, which, by striking, indicated the birth- rank of Joseph’s. brothers (Gen., xliii, 33), but he does not give his authority for saying this, and calls it, a curious proof of the Rabbinical “antiquity of spirit-rapping”! It may be interesting to him and all Spiritualists and Physicists to be assured that, after “a prolonged and im- “¢ partial enquiry” made by a Commission appointed by the Physical Society of 5S. Petersburg to examine the Phenomena of Spiritualism, it appeared at the conclusion that ‘ those so-called spiritual manifestations ‘proceed from unconscious movements, or from a conscious imposture, “and the spiritual doctrine is a superstition.” (Brit. Medical Journal, Apmil, 1876.)

Petersburg to examine the Phenomena of Spiritualism, it appeared at the conclusion that ‘ those so-called spiritual manifestations ‘proceed from unconscious movements, or from a conscious imposture, “and the spiritual doctrine is a superstition. ” (Brit. Medical Journal, Apmil, 1876. )

Mr. H. F. Talbot, Vol. II, Part 1 of the same Transactions, says that Sakru is Magician, "Mp Magus Prestigator and sakri AMD or AMND magid, illusio, prestigie. | We may observe here he understands that the celebrated Egyptian Scholar de Rougé has lately ascertained that the much-disputed Title Pharaoh signifies “the great House,” Phe-raah, having found it so written in hieroglyphic character. The Chaldee and Syriac NHWyD isjuramentum from Ys jurare, which is the Assyrian Mamita (Matth., v, 33) or has a close analogy to it.

“is to be found with such and such a person, whose “name is so and so, and who is clothed in such and “such a way.” And many times the Demons, wishing to confirm him in the imposture, pointed out the thief, not because they wanted to convict him (the thief), but because they were eager to plunge (overwhelm) the Bishop in ruin.

On another occasion, too, he was guilty of this same thing, and had recourse to the Divining-cup (or phlial-Divination), as we learnt from Simeon, who used to act as Server to him at the Bishop’s House : for, he once took this man’s son and introduced him quite alone into his bed-chamber, with one Abraham, Deacon, a relative of his, together; and, having placed a table in the middle, they put under the table Incense, destined for the Demons, but, upon the table, a phial (dish) in which were oil and water; and he placed the lad, in a state of nudity, at the side of the table; and the whole was covered with clean

Or, it may be rendered thus:—‘ On what man will my gold be “found? What is his name? What is his dress? The Demons, un- “‘ doubtedly wishing to lead him astray (into error), pointed out the thief, “not that they had a desire of punishing him, but because they sought to “lead the Bishop into perdition (aimed at overwhelming him in ruin).”

(4) Jae Gensium de victimis humanis Tomo 1, cap. xx, sq. Gensium is one of the many Authors Fabricius refers to in his work ‘‘ Bibliographica Antiquaria.”

What is his dress? The Demons, un- “‘ doubtedly wishing to lead him astray (into error), pointed out the thief, “not that they had a desire of punishing him, but because they sought to “lead the Bishop into perdition (aimed at overwhelming him in ruin). ”

(4) Jae Gensium de victimis humanis Tomo 1, cap. xx, sq. Gensium is one of the many Authors Fabricius refers to in his work ‘‘ Bibliographica Antiquaria. ”

linen (white sheet). Then, the Deacon began inton- ing words which the Bishop had formulated for him from his wicked divining-art. Then they questioned the lad, saying to him—‘“ What do you see in the “ Phial ? and he said, “I see flames (sparks) of fire “ ooing upwards out of it ;” and again, after a little while, he questioned him, saying—“ What do you “see yet?” and he said, “I see a man sitting on a “throne of gold, and clad in purple, and a crown “upon his head.” They then dug near (behind) the door and made there a deep hole (well), which they filled with oil and water, and they made the lad stand there, and said to him—“ What do you see in “the hole (well) ? and he said, “I see Habib” (for, he was on a journey to Constantinople) ; “and I see “him,” the lad continued to say, “seated on a black “ mare-mule that is blind-folded; and behind him two “men on foot.” Further still, they brought an egg, and, when they had opened it, they threw away what was the white of the egg, and left the yolk of it; and they said to the lad—‘“ What do you per- “ceive in the shell of the egg?” and he said, “I “perceive Habib proceeding on the road, on horse- “back, and he has put a collar round his neck, and “before him are going two men.” And on the day after, the Bishop’s son arrived from Constanti- nople, just as his father had divined. This the lad confessed on oath upon the Evange- lists, along with his Father and Mother, in the presence of witnesses, who affirmed that the circum-

stance took place exactly as it was visioned to the lad. Moreover, the lad went on to say—“ For eight “months, I used to be walking, (when) seven men, “dressed in white, constantly went in front of me.’ And in the lapse of these eight months the lad was out of his mind, having been driven mad (lost his reason); and it was with difficulty that, after having brought him into holy places and anointed him with consecrated oil, they succeeded in curing his insanity.

Now, as regards these Astrological Writings of his (Sophronius), to what purpose is it to speak of them ? There are those, too, who wrote them ; the very scribes, who copied them, are at Tella ; there is Maras, the Sub-Deacon, and there are Adesia and Stratonica, Deaconesses of the Church; there is Peter, the Chief Physician of the City; lastly, there is Uranius, 1 Deacon of the same, who con-

q This may be translated thus :—“ And there is, last, the Deacon of “the same City, Uranius, who owned that he had read them, when he “went up to the Bishop’s House to get him to subscribe his hand to “ some alms-deed (receipt), when he saw the good Bishop moving the ‘brazen sphere, belonging to his evil Divination, and experimentalizing “ with it. When he came down (from the Bishop’s House), he made “known to his comrades all he had seen. And, as though all these “ miserable affairs were not enough for him, Habib, his Son, brought “thither Hesychius, a Jew, and bid him step up to the Bishop’s House, “and ate with him Jewish food in his Father’s absence; and in the ‘Week of the Pentecost, which is the time when we ourselves fast, he “was feasting with the Jew at the Bishop’s House; and, for about ten “hours, this man continued feasting with the Jew, up to the time when “he took him (the Jew) into the Church of the Apostles, whilst the “¢ Service was proceeding. When, in consequence, the City had become “excited into a commotion, with the Clergy, it expelled the Jew as well «‘ Habib; but they, on being expelled, fled to the Pratorium of General “ Florus; and, on this impious and heathen Florus becoming irritated, he “and his rushed upon the City and murdered in it many persons, men and “boys, and wounded more than one hundred people ; whilst those who,

fessed to have read them when he went to the Epis- copal Palace for the purpose of getting a ticket of Alms signed, and there saw the good (Reverend) Bishop carrying and inspecting the brass-sphere des- tined for his criminal incantations (divination) ; and, on coming out, he told his colleagues all he had seen. Not satisfied with giving himself over to these wicked practices, his son Habib introduced a Jew, (named) Housick, into the Bishop’s House and ate with him, after the fashion of the Jews, in the ab- sence of his Father. During the week of Lent, when we fast,{ he feasted with this Jew, and kept him at table till ten o’clock; and even carried his audacity (so far as) to bring him into the Sanctuary of the Apostles, at the time that Service was being

“in the confusion, had fled to the Holy Altar, there, and with the arrows “remaining unextracted from their persons, had their blood shed, some “of them befcre the Altar. And in this condition a multitude of them “died clasping the Altar.”

And in this condition a multitude of them “died clasping the Altar. ”

§ The laws against corresponding and conversing too familiarly with Jews and Gentile sae forbade the Clergy, says Bingham (Bk. VI, chap. iv), to eat with the Jews under pain of suspension. And the Apostolical Canons prohibited them not only fasting or feasting with the Jews, but receiving even any of those portions or presents, which they were used to send to one another upon the Festivals.

conduct, chased both the Jew and Habib, who sought refuge in the Preetorium of the Commandant (Duke) Florus. The impious and pagan Florus rushed up- on the City, where (his people) laid violent hands on a great number of men and children—certainly more than a hundred. In despair, these took refuge near the Tabernacle ; but, then, the arrows reached their bodies, their blood was shed before the Altar, and many died in the act of embracing It.

We have, then, prayed this of your Holy Synod— to avenge us of this pestilent and murderous man, since all the Lay-people, and the company of the Monks have taken oath, declaring, “ We will not for “the future receive this man any more, or hold com- “munication with him, or have any intercourse with “him at all ;” because they have seen that any con- nection (relation) with him is dangerous.

Already the Masters of the world have taken cognizance (of our complaints), and have ordered that they be reserved, until your Holy Synod has effected the Deposition of Ibas and Sophronius.

This is what we learnt when the City, the Clerks and Monks included, was assembled to commence proceedings (to draw up Documentary Acts) in the presence of the Defender (Procurator) of the City. From the persons belonging to the household (of Sophronius) we have our information. Others have heard it besides us.

We, therefore, fall at the feet of your Holy Synod, entreating you to have compassion on us, and on our City, and on all the region that is scandalized by Sophronius, and to rid our Church of him, which, being filled with the arms and the blood of those who were slain in the very middle of the Sanctuary, has been closed for two months.

It is in accordance with justice and in conformity with the Laws Ecclesiastical that the enquiry should be reserved for him who is going to be appointed Bishop of the City of Edessa, so that he, with the whole Synod of his Province, will, when it is agree- able to them, accomplish that which is pleasing to the Lord God and is befitting His Glorious Name.

“This is a correct sentence—this we all approve “ of—.this we all determine.”

I, also, for my part, adjudge it just and right that, when there shall be an Orthodox Bishop at Edessa, he, together with the Orthodox Bishops of the Province, should take cognizance of the cause of

“This is a correct sentence—this we all approve “ of—. this we all determine. ”

I, also, for my part, adjudge it just and right that, when there shall be an Orthodox Bishop at Edessa, he, together with the Orthodox Bishops of the Province, should take cognizance of the cause of

Sophronius; and whoever shall find Nestorians in the Province shall eject them, and (so) purify the Church.

This magnificent character of the 5th Century of our Era comes next to be arraigned at this lawfully-constituted Tribunal of the Church—lawfully constituted less from an ecclesias- tical, than from a civil and imperial, point of view. But whether at its bar Justice is to have her due in the matter of ordinary procedure, and in the cause of one of the most self- sacrificing of the Sons of Men, or whether a mere travestie of her fair name, with the beam of her scales unset and eyes un- blinded, is to be perpetrated will soon become apparent.

Theodoret, named @codwpyros because, after several years of barrenness of his mother, he was “given of God” in answer to the “effectual, fervent prayer of a righteous’ Anchorite, was a Native of Antioch, and was‘born of noble and wealthy Parents, who dedicated him to God from childhood, and left him a large inheritance which he literally gave away, leaving himself nothing. In Theodoret’s Letter to Nomus, Ex-consul, as given by Baronius (Tom. 7, p. 618), “ qua ipse (says Baronius) totam vitam suam et res ab se in Episcopatu gestas brevi com. pendio narrat,’”’ Theodoret says of himself: “Illud quidem “adjiciam (quando quidem calumniatores hc dicere me co- “ ount) quod ante conceptionem genitores me-offerre Deo pol- “liciti sunt et ab incunabulis.”

At Antioch he was ordained a Reader of the Church when very young. At the Monastery of Apamea he made the acquaintance of Nestorius and of John of Antioch. When about 35 years of age, he was, contrary to his wish, consecrated Bishop of Cyrus, situate in Syria Huphratensis, and said to have been built by the Jews, in honour of Cyrus, at their return from the Captivity. Although an inconsiderable city in itself (indeed, Pelagius, the Presbyter, calls it a town, small borough), the Diocosse embraced “800 Parishes among its dependencies.” It was this Diocoese, suffragan to the Metropolitical City of Antioch, which, though it “on his accession had been one “ mass of Heresy, became altogether free from that evil leaven,” by reason of his indomitable labours on behalf of The True Faith. It had reason, too, to thank him for many great public works his indefatigable zeal for the temporal, as well as spi- ritual, good of his people enabled him to accomplish.

Notwithstanding, such was the opposition he met with, and such the calumnies heaped upon him, and the trials he had to go through, greatly from his being reputed to be a Nestorian through his apparent complicity with the great fautors and abettors, if not originators, of that form of Error, that in the Letter, quoted above, he complains that, although he had lived 20 years without accusing any man and without being accused by any man, &c., yet kis endurances were very great indeed— “et spe (he declares) ad inferorum etiam portas mortis “ perveni.”

Of this noble Champion of the Church my friend, a Chap- lain of the noted Church of Sainte Geneviéve, well says :—

His eventful life, his apostolic labours crowned with the greatest success, his ardent contentions inspired by an honest opinion and by an upright conscience, his numerous writings, and, above all, the persecutions of which he was the object have made him one of the most remarkable personages of those troubled and unhappy times. His reputation and his authority were immense in the Hast: he had fought Cyril with vivacity for many years, but he had not hesitated to submit as soon as he recognized The Truth ; he was regarded as an oracle by his Colleagues in the Hpiscopate, and he himself teaches us that his discourses at Antioch were frequently applauded by the faithful. Hyveryone was pleased to hear him speak.

Theodoret had, nevertheless, many enemies, because he had long supported the party of Nestorius and written violent dia- tribes against S. Cyril. He also continued to be suspected by all those who held for Eutyches and Monophytism; his letter of congratulation to Dioscorus had been ill-received; the Em- peror had withdrawn from hin: his good graces, and, in spite of the powerful protectors whom the Bishop of Cyrus reckoned at Court, Theodosius had given him repeated blows. First, he had condemned him not to pass out of his Diocese (Juae—July, 448 a.p.); afterwards, he had forbidden him to come to the Council, unless he was sent for; and, as if a first prohibition was not enough, a second Edict was issued on the eve of the opening of the Synod (30th March, 6th August). Theodoret, in one word, was a victim to the strokes of the conductors of the Cabal of Ephesus. Thus, they did not fail to deal with him, and in going through the Acts of this famous Council we

easily recognize that he was the most redoubtable adversary, of the whole assembly.

Theodoret, in one word, was a victim to the strokes of the conductors of the Cabal of Ephesus. Thus, they did not fail to deal with him, and in going through the Acts of this famous Council we

easily recognize that he was the most redoubtable adversary, of the whole assembly.

It is, nevertheless, a strange thing and one of the finest tri- butes rendered to the memory of this great man, that he is the only one of the Bishops condemned or deposed on whose me- mory hovers no disquieting doubt. In spite of the hatred they bore him, and the pleasure they would have had in dishonour- ing him, they did not atte:apt to raise against him one accusa- tion which could properly be defamatory. They had made Ibas a thief and a debauché, Daniel of Harran a Libertine and an unchaste man, Irenzus an impious person and a bigamist, Sopbronius a Magician and a sorcerer: they dared not make Theodoret anything but a Heretic and a Nestorian. And for that, moreover, they were obliged not to rely on his more recent writings, on his solemn and reiterated declarations, quite or- thodox and approved as such by S. Flavian, John of Antioch, and Domnus, they must rummage in his former pamphlets, in his treatises against 8. Cyril or on the Incarnation. (Martin’s Etude.) Before the Council in Session the Assessor is made to quote extracts from one or two of Theodoret’s works that are now lost. One of these works so used is designated An APOLOGY ON BEHALF OF DioporE or Tarsus AND THEODORE or Morsvestra, Warriors or THE (TRUE) Reticion. The same seems, also, to quote directly from his, no doubt, splendid Commentary on the Psalter, now quite lost to the Church, or indirectly from some kindred writer on the Psalms, perhaps Theodore of Mopsuestia, his teacher. From these extracts we gather that the first work, tke Apo- logy, resembled, in its mode of treatment of the subject matter, that of his “ Eranistes or Polymorphus,” in which he upholds the great Truth of the Co- Existence of the Two Natures (of the Divinity and of the Humanity) in the One Person of Christ without confusion or commix- ture, and combats the different forms of error against It,

Cave, in his “ Historia literaria,” p. 247, says Theodore had as his hearers Nestorius and Theodoret. “Av7p inquit Sozomenus (1, 8, G. Vil) kai roy tepwr BiBAwy, Kal THe aAne TwaLdeiac, PyTépwY TE kai prtocdpwy ik avos eTLOTHMwV. Theodoret, Soz. (1, 5, ¢. xl) rdone piv® écxdyoiag duaskadoc, Kara raons Padayyoe alperixnce apiorevoac.

by a catechetical and categorical form of reasoning, similar to which, also, is the treatment adopted in his Great “ Com- mentary on the Bible,” in its early part.

“Av7p inquit Sozomenus (1, 8, G. Vil) kai roy tepwr BiBAwy, Kal THe aAne TwaLdeiac, PyTépwY TE kai prtocdpwy ik avos eTLOTHMwV. Theodoret, Soz. (1, 5, ¢. xl) rdone piv® écxdyoiag duaskadoc, Kara raons Padayyoe alperixnce apiorevoac. by a catechetical and categorical form of reasoning, similar to which, also, is the treatment adopted in his Great “ Com- mentary on the Bible,” in its early part.

The Synod did not spend too much time in judging him, and the Bishops soon pronounced their formal Sentence. He had been specially marked out by the Emperor, who, on the eve of the assembling of this Cicumenical Council, and notwith- standing the strongly-marked censure of him in the formal Document (a) convoking it, added another (8, p. 8), with special reference to Theodoret, as we have seen. The Huty- chian party had no difficulty in accomplishing their end, in silencing and rendering him, to all appearance, useless to the world and the Church. There is no doubt he had a leaning to his old friend Nestorius as well as to Diodorus and Theo- dorus, the real originators of Nestorianism, but he can hardly, with any great amount of justice, be branded as a Heretic, inas- much as the wickedness of Heretics as such consists in the wilfulness with which they cling to the Heresy as such.

At the Great Council of Chalcedon, summoned by the Emperor Marcian in 451 a.p., in the 8th Session, the Bishops were particularly urgent for Theodoret to anathematize the Heresiarch, interrupting him in his address to the Council with the exclamations—“ Say plainly, Anathema to Nestorius “and his Doctrines, anathema to Nestorius and his followers,” when Theodoret replied, Of a truth, I say nothing but what “T think is pleasing to God. Be assured, first of all, that I “feel no anxiety to be restored to my city, or recover my dig- “nity; no! that is not what has brought me hither; but “having been aspersed, I am come to convince you that I am “orthodox, and that I anathematize Nestorius, Hutyches, and

We may here observe that two MSS. in London and one in Paris ascribe the Headings of the Psalms to Theodore, which Headings, be it observed, actually take the place of a brief Commentary, as manifestly in Ceriani’s magnificent Ambrosian Edition of the Pes- chito, and of something more, when the Canons, that is, the lite- rary matter that comes after each first verse, are taken into consideration. Theodoret speaks of someone who dared to do away with the Greek and Hebrew Headings on the Psaltery and to make new ones of his own accord, trusting some Jewish teachers whom he followed. So these headings are the more inte- resting since there can be little doubt that Theodoret speaks of his teacher Theodore.

“all who affirm that there are two Sons.” Again the Bishops interrupt him, and again he said, “ Anathema to Nestorius, to “all who refuse to call the Virgin Mary ‘ Mother of God,’ &c.” The issue was that the Magistrates said— In accordance with “the decision of the Council, Theodoret shall again be put in “possession of his Church at Cyrus.” (Oxford Fleury, p. 378).

“all who affirm that there are two Sons. ” Again the Bishops interrupt him, and again he said, “ Anathema to Nestorius, to “all who refuse to call the Virgin Mary ‘ Mother of God,’ &c. ” The issue was that the Magistrates said— In accordance with “the decision of the Council, Theodoret shall again be put in “possession of his Church at Cyrus. ” (Oxford Fleury, p. 378).

Notwithstanding all that has been written about him by Dr. F. H. Newman and others, I may, without much presumption, fearlessly assert that the complete History, with information derived from Syriac sources, of the Life and Labours, per- sonal and literary, of the great Bishop of Cyrus, whom the Latrocinium of Ephesus unintentionally honoured in condem- ning him, and that, also, of his Master, whom some in the real and Orthodox Cicumenical Council, just quoted, openly and without objection, described as ‘‘ the Blessed Theodore of Mop- “suestia, the Hero of The Truth and Doctor of the Church,” have yet to be accomplished by some learned Scholar and Son, or, it may be, literarily accomplished Daughter, of our Zion.

tive to Theodoret and the Psalter, treasured up in MSS. not yet brought to light by any Editor.

T have a Libel (Bill of Indictment) against Theo- doret and Domnus, and I request that it may be received and read.

Let the Libel of Pelagius, Presbyter of Antioch, be received and read.

To the Holy and God-loving Cicumenical Synod assembled at Ephesus, the Metropolis, from Pelagius the Presbyter :—

It is as the Source of all good, so to speak, to the human race that the Gop of that race, The Trur

{ Hoffman gives, as a translation of this rather difficult exordium, the following, anglicized :—“ ‘The Gop of Mankind and True Saviour “ Jesus Christ, Who is The Only True Gop and The Only Eternal “‘ Life, has, (so to speak), as a Fountain Head of all other good things “for mankind, caused this your Godly, Blessed, and Gcumenical Synod “to assemble, partly aforetime in Nicaea—for, I believe, I behold that “and its successors in this one—partly twice here already. This is the “third Gecumenical Synod assembled at the end of ages; and this is, I “believe, the last of all Synods through The Hoty Guost, since The “ Hoty Guost, The All-Prrrecror Huimsetr, has in a special manner “¢ assembled it, that it may be the last, so that here it may be fulfilled : «¢ On the mouth (evidence) of two or three witnesses every word shall “‘¢stand,’ and so that he who does not acquiesce in the Dogmas con- “ firmed by The Hoty Guost through you shall be esteemed a Heathen, “a Publican, and, in short, an anathematized man; and whilst every sin “and blasphemy is forgiven to men, this shall not be forgiven, either in

Saviour Jesus Curist, Wuo Aone is The Truz Gop and Axons Erernatt Lirz, caused that your Divine and Blessed Gicumenical Synod to assemble, which took place in Niczea.

I believe I perceive that Synod, and the one subsequent, united (in accord) at this moment.

Gop has already assembled you here twice; but, this third G&cumenical Synod, placed at the termi- nation of ages, will be, I opine, the last of all the Councils convoked by The Hoty Guosvr.

I believe I perceive that Synod, and the one subsequent, united (in accord) at this moment. Gop has already assembled you here twice; but, this third G&cumenical Synod, placed at the termi- nation of ages, will be, I opine, the last of all the Councils convoked by The Hoty Guosvr.

That is the reason why The Hoty Guost, Who is The Perfector of all, has assembled it with special care, because it is the last; wishing to fulfil here again (what is written, viz.) “by the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.” { |

Whoever, then, will not yield himseif to what The Hoty Srrrir shall decide, by your means

“this world, or in the world to come ; because he has blasphemed against “The Hoty Guost. For; if, according to the Laws and the Holy “ Scriptures, two or three men in number are to be believed, who, then, “‘ would dare to contend in this against the three—the Trinity of wit- “ nessing Synods, that is, indeed, against The Trinrry Itsetr, Wuicu “through you is Irser a witness,—without being justly condemned by “you? Whilst I, also, for my part, with justice, as well as everybody “‘ else, desire this, I have recourse to this Petition, and I expect to re- “ ceive help, in what I have suffered, from you who are devoted by Gop “to the general good.” It may, likewise, be rendered, I think, as if the Synod were the origin of all Blessings to men, or of very many Blessings, if the word {Dud pal be taken as signifying many, very many. Deut., xvii, 6; Mat., xvi, 16; &c. Or, “upon the evidence of “two or three witnesses shall every truth be established.” “ Every truth” is the rendering of an ancient concordance in my possession, which I think is an exact and true one.

and mediation, let him be regarded “as an heathen “man and a publican;’ let him, in fact, “be “excommunicated.” And, whilst every sin and (all) blasphemy will (can) be forgiven unto men, this will not be forgiven unto them, either in this world or in the world to come, because it is Blasphemy against Tue Hony Guost.t

For, if two in number, or three persons,{ bearing witness (to a certain matter) are to be believed, according to the Law|] and the Divine Scripture{— when three Synods (bear witness) pronounce, by the the help of The Triniry, that is to say, when The Triuity Irsenr (bears witness) pronounces, through their (the Synods’) mediation, who would venture to dispute your (Synodical) Judgments by alleging that they are not with justice determined ?4

Convinced myseif, as everybody must be, that this is true and excellent, I have come with this Petition to you; and I hope to be deemed deserving of your support, in my sufferings, seeing that you are appointed of Gop for the purpose of enhancing everybody’s weal.

I am of Syrian origin, and of the City of Anti- och, situate in the East. From my childhood I have loved solitude and to be secluded from the bustle of

{| Or, perhaps, very literally — Who (being arraigned) will dare to ‘(contend with) contest those matters you determine, (saying) that they “are not justly condemned ?”’

business, to pass my life like the Monks, and to feed{ on the Profane Sciences. I have acquired human wisdom enough, seeing men in the world believe in being wise, not to be astonished at their discoveries. I aimed, too, at the acquisition of the knowledge of those Doctrines that are sublime and (exceptionally) perfect—I mean, the Doctrines only of the Holy Scriptures.

Whilst still a youth, not yet hirsute, I enter the Monastery. I found my happiness in entire quietude, poor and sinful being as I am, but I was allowed continually to search into the all-Holy and Divine Books, whereby to attain to that wisdom, which is hidden in Divine and ineffable Mysteries and comparable with which, since tasting it, I have found nothing, nor (comparable with which) anything in the world do I know worthy of ‘love. Wholly devoted to this work, I kept reflecting how I could be useful to myself and, through my instrumentality, to others, whilst by night and by day I used (continually) to be making a Collection of Doctrines, precious to The Truth ; brewing, all the while, in meditation over them,

The word laazo is ecto. ood in external reading doubtless means that he studied the works of Plato, &c. See below. Literally, “The (mental) diet of the Monks and (other) food in reading, external to it, I have been-fond of from my youth up; and I have acquired a small fund of human wisdom as great as that of those whom men of the world deemed wise. I was aware that I should not admire their inventions(a) and I, therefore, made advance that I might specially obtain knowledge of the most sublime and perfect Doctrines—I mean those of the Holy Scriptures.”

without so much despairing, in the least, of my insufficiency, as strenethened by love towards Gop. He, however, who is ever wont to envy what is good and excellent (viz, Satan) permitted it not (to continue).

I was aware that I should not admire their inventions(a) and I, therefore, made advance that I might specially obtain knowledge of the most sublime and perfect Doctrines—I mean those of the Holy Scriptures. ”

without so much despairing, in the least, of my insufficiency, as strenethened by love towards Gop. He, however, who is ever wont to envy what is good and excellent (viz, Satan) permitted it not (to continue).

Everyone has heard speak of Theodoret, and everyone knows him as an Adversary of Gov. He and Domnus, Bishop of Antioch, are pronounced Impious Persons, at the City of Alexandria the Capital, by every mouth of the Christ-loving people, and that at a City greater than all others under the Sun, and which, in Religion more than in greatness, is superior to those others. Now this man, who is really a hater of Gop, supercilious and proud, although he had (only) attaimed to (the post of) Bishopt over a small city, that is, a town—-this man Theodoret (I say) has brought upon himself a just resentment (indignation); for, he has tired the Emperor’s ears with the cries of all the people and the complaints (brought in on his account)—this man and Domnus, the Bishop of Antioch aforesaid,

In the Syriac Text, at p. 129, Il. 26 and 27, [No fam is tocol tos and |;mm came is fo despair. In p. 130, 1. 1, the word eSasaalido, or saad, answers to corroboratus, and |. 3, Feo Pn) to pertulit, and 1. 6, IZo, 8c is from | 53; to quarrel, on which see Cas-

who favours the troubles the other originates, out of a culpable love for the mischievous and impious Doctrine of Nestorius, occupied themselves with war against my peaceful self: and, having filled me with the dread of terrible dangers (impending), they obliged me to a compulsory silence. They made and composed Declarations of Faith, whereby they tormented (annoyed) certain persons of my acquain- tance.1 They even had the audacity to draw up (a Formulary of Faith) a Creed, according to their own fancy, without the slightest regard for the Synod preceding this your Holy one, the which, however, has clearly forbidden anyone to presume to write, expound, or compose any Formulat of Faith other than that of the Holy and Blessed Fathers. And they added that I must not discourse on the subject of The Faith openly in the presence of anybody, and that I must not venture in secret to teach (It to) those who are desirous of learning. Theo- doret said (to me, in so many words), without

{| Or— For, they made and dressed up those documents on Oath, in “‘ which they brought charges against some of those persons who were in “ acquaintance with me.”

Theo- doret said (to me, in so many words), without

{| Or— For, they made and dressed up those documents on Oath, in “‘ which they brought charges against some of those persons who were in “ acquaintance with me. ”

The Synod (431 a.p. of Ephesus), 2422, commanded that no man should be permitted either to write, expound, or compose eos beyond the Faith of the Fathers. See Canon vii of this G&cumenical Council. In p. 131, 1. 14, the word e2M0} looks back to QaegS0] in 1. 7, and SAsc], or oS], in I. 1§, which is first person sing., to jo we in |. 3, and is exegetical of this last word. Also, judging from what follows in the text, the second word in |. 16, if the scribe had written with vowels, the full and correct reading would be eee b first pers.

writing it, among the Bishops who were present,—- “ Expound the treatises of Plato and Aristotle, and “ of the Physicians, but by no means approach (touch) “the Scriptures.” And, in accordance with this, they said something of this sort to me— We “ straitly command you not to speak in the Name of

“ Jesus. And when they could not inerimi- nate me by any queries of theirs in any accusation —(they did) what nobody ever ventured upon, even in Pagantimes—they concerted (conspired) together to force me to sign (their) document with my own hand, and they constrained me, besides, to confess that | had done so without any compulsion.

They managed? all this with tolerable adroitness —anyone would have said so—so that nobody ever could be able to blame them much.—| How so? it may be asked. |—Did they fear, on this point, any of those who were able to recognize the Error which Nestorius had thrown into the bosom of the Church, and were competent to refute the Impieties he had spread? I donot know ; yet[{I do know one thing}: (viz., this,) that I am conscious of a ready and pow- erful will to do (what is right and good).4

Acts of Apostles, Chap. iv, 18. They silenced him, he means to say, on religious subjects.

t+ In p. 132, |. 4, the expression asd, | implies the being guilty of acting fraudently, or with great chicanery, Nenee cons a, the being able to rashly reprobate or condemn. The word 24a% is in stat. con- struct. no doubt. The passage is to me not very easy satisfactorily to translate in a literal sense.

{| Perhaps—“ As regards myself, Iam aware of nothing but a ready “and vigorous will (to do what is required ).”

(Now) as regards these Bishops who, when once as- sembled together, overwhelmed me with torments, and indignities, and dangers well-nigh exposing me to death, I forgive them, I am silent about them, I pray for them who thus behaved. For, of what use (need) can human vindictiveness be to Christians,— to those, to whose honour nothing so much redounds as to suffer for Christ’s sake ?